Max Webers Sociological Theory Called Bureaucracy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1323 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? The Task 1. Organizational structure states the activities of the company such as coordination, task allocation, and supervision to achieve the organizational goals and objective.[1] A German sociologist named Max Weber proposed a theory called bureaucracy. This theory is perceived to be impersonal, strong, and self-disseminating. Rendering to him, this is a formal system of an organisation and administration to assure effectiveness and efficiency in the company. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Max Webers Sociological Theory Called Bureaucracy" essay for you Create order Max Weber proposed this theory as a bureaucratic approach. The theory accent on the hierarchy, impersonal, comprehensive rules, and dissection of labor. It also considers the organisation as a part of wide-ranging society. Weber based the theory on the principles of structure, democracy, job specialization, authority hierarchy, predictability and stability, impersonality, formal selection, career orientation and formal rules and regulation. In structure, there is communication wherein this is more formal and time consuming. Example of this, if the manager want to talk to the employee, instead of just informing the employee by talking to him/her personally the manager will email a formal letter that informing the employee that he/she want to talk or the management will call for a meeting. This is also present in a small business where there is closer supervision with the employee this is simply because they have a limited number of employees. Under structure there is also delegation w here the manager assigns a responsibility or authority to another person or to the employee. The bigger the organisation the bigger the structure. So structure depends on the extent of the organisation. Job specialization is based on the capability and function or specialization of the staff. It is divided to a simple, fixed and routine classification. The company equally applied the rules and regulations, there is no involvement of the superior/manager to the employees/staff, personal attachment is prohibited and it falls under impersonality. Favouritism is also forbidden in this principle, there is equal treatment for the entire employee. Under career orientation, career setting for the employee is an opportunity and highly offered. There is a protection for the employee against dismissal or lay-off. In this principle the manager are professional officials rather than company owner. They are like just an ordinary employee who manages the company. Authority hierarchy, this princ iple means that the top one is the one who made the decision (high level of control). The manager or supervisor controls the lower position. Example of this, in a healthcare facility the team leader control the subordinates or the healthcare assistant, the chief nurse control the nurse. In an organisation there is a formal rules and regulation where the employees, managers must depend heavily. These rules of law indicate to impersonality in interactive relations. All organisation select their employees according to their qualifications and competence which they demonstrate it thru education, training and examination, this is the principle of formal selection. This theory of Weber indicates that the manager or the owner is the one who have the power to motivate, manipulate and control the employee. This theory is present in a small business wherein they can easily control the employee and supervise. [2] 2. The person who is attaching to the behaviour and the behaviour of humans in the organisation refers to the Organizational Culture. It also affects the people and groups interaction with each other within the organisation. Culture consists of system, language, organizational vision, values habits and beliefs. This is also one way of telling the employee how they will observe, think and feel for other person. An Irish author/philosopher who was born 1932 generate a model in organizational culture, he is Charles Handy. He is specialising organisational behaviour and management. [3] He is also known as the God of Management. Organisational culture affect every aspect of work life, it start from how the employee greets her/his colleagues up to how the major policy decision are made. The culture determines how an individual behave in an organisation. He corresponds to the four cultures and he linked it to the four Greek gods. The four cultures are: The power culture, he labelled it as a web or club culture. This reflects to a family owned business that can be large or small. The centre is the parents or the owner who really owned the company, it radiates out the centre and that is the siblings or other in the family. In this case the decision will come out from the manager but some of the family member will also make decision because they want to have the power. The employee will be confused who will follow or who will be given priority. All want to have the power and promotion.4 These are some of the characteristics of power culture. It focussed on the return, governed by trust for success, political, it can easily adapt to changes, can moved quickly, fast decision making, have the capacity to take risk and mostly face to face communication. The person culture, these symbolize cluster. This culture is characterized as the employee or staffs feel more important rather than the company. They feel that the company needs them that it cannot perform well if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t exist in the company. In addition to this, the employ ee comes to the organisation just for money and never attaches themselves to it or to the work. It is all about the money and they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t love their work. And the individual are more concerned about their own-self rather than the company or organisation. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t care whatever happens to the company as long as the company is paying them. The task culture, this represents lattice work or net. It measure how the employee/ staff performed to a certain task. How they accomplish their work in a most ground-breaking way. It involved extensive research and activities to develop their knowledge. They usually change their task in order to meet their goal and objectives. The employee who is expert to the task is more important in this culture. The culture is representing a net because of the different departments, function and specialties whereby the company can predict and familiarize to change fast. These are the common characteristic, flexible, most of th e time teamwork, can solve problem absolutely, like challenging task and moat of the time ask questions, high value on feedbacks, they share their power and knowledge, and they make a good relationship to their co-workers to make the work done. And the last culture is the role culture. The responsibility given to the employee is based on their specialization. That is the reason why Handy design it like a Greek temple. The top or the apex of the temple is the manager who made the decision and the pillars or the post reflects as the functional units or different departments in an organisation. The highlight of these culture deceits in the specialization of the employee within the pillar or post. The manager is just the one who makes the decision but the departments are the one who implement the decision. He stated that the job description is the most important rather than the skills and abilities of the employee. Whatever the job description it is the only work that the employee sh ould do, it is not advisesable that he/she exceed to the work description. [4]The typical features are depend on the system and order, communicate formally, not comfortable for changes, cannot adapt easily, very specific with standards, resilient structure, have confidence in secure control, sometimes slow and administrative in decision making, and design work so it is stable.[5] [1] Wikipedia.(2014).Organizational structure. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_structure [2] Max Weber principle of bureaucratic theory.(2013). Retrieved from https://notes.tyrocity.com/max-weber-principle-of-bureaucratic-theory/ [3] Wikipedia.(2014). Chares Handy. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Handy [4] Sherwin, L.(2014). Managing Change Toolkit.Retrieved from https://www.lindsay-sherwin.co.uk/guide_managing_change/html_overview/05_culture_handy.htm [5] Ready to Manage.(2013). Retrieved from https://blog.readytomanage.com/organizational-culture-diagram/

Mgt 448 Week 2 Paper - 688 Words

Trading Bloc NAFTA Advantages Integration and agreements made will reduce tariffs barriers that are associated with trades of goods, services and the factors of produced goods between countries (Hill, 2004). As this paper will demonstrate a proper analysis of how integration will promote global advantages in business, and will deliberate the disadvantages and advantages of integration. Therefore touching basis of contrast and comparing the development of economic stages within a region and the effect on the process of development of business globally. (NAFTA) North American Free Trade Agreement will be discussed between neighboring countries. Canada and the†¦show more content†¦One or more nations may benefit from the move, but other nations may suffer as a result. National sovereignty is also a major concern for most nations considering integration. Concerns about national sovereignty arise because close economic integration demands that countries give up some degree of th eir control over certain policy issues, such as monetary, trade, and fiscal policies (Hill, 2004). Another disadvantage that may plague the country from free trade is the higher cost domestic production is replaced by a less costly and more efficient operating facility, also this will bring a change in the supplier as well, as the lower priced vendors (external) will be replaced by higher marked suppliers. The U.S is a highly developed with a superior developed infra structure, productivity ranking, and backed with an abundance of natural resources. The U.S. trading partner Canada is adverse and developed economically and also relies on the natural resources it possesses. The Rankings for the U.S is in the upper echelon and Canada is in the bottom tier last in the G8 (group of 8). GDP median for Canada a little over 29,000 and for America is well over the 36,000 mark resulting in the rankings as they are. In closing to this analysis of how NAFTA can affect both positively and negat ively, it is for the countries that abide this agreement to remain vigilant in what is needed to maintain and uphold theirShow MoreRelatedproject topic proposal15745 Words   |  63 PagesThis process emphasizes the practical and direct application of specialized research principles and procedures to help you accomplish one or more of the following goals: 1. To identify and attempt to alleviate an organizational problem or concern. 2. To improve or enhance an organizational situation or set of conditions. 3. To fill an organizational need. 4. To meet an organizational challenge or opportunity. 5. To enhance personal preparation for career and/or graduate school through the buildingRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesSingapore Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education Canada, Ltd. Pearson Education—Japan Pearson Education Australia Pty. Limited Pearson Education North Asia Ltd. Pearson Educacià ³n de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education Malaysia Pte. Ltd. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233761-8 ISBN-10: 0-13-233761-4 From the Library of Girro@qq.com PREFACE Introduction to Materials Management is an introductory text written for students in community colleges and universities. It is used in technical programsRead More THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES65118 Words   |  261 Pagescopyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: e-theses.admin@dur.ac.uk Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES by Chris Shiuan En LEE A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorate of Education Durham University December 2009 i

Information Technology Auditing and Assurance

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology Auditing and Assurance. Answer: Introduction Auditing tends to be perceived as an on-site verification process where an examination or inspection process is conducted to ensure there is compliance to the set requirements. Auditing is mostly known to be applied across the whole organization and sometimes it might serve purposes such as functioning, processing as well as the production process. The IS0:19011:2011 auditing guidelines indicate that its a systematic independent and documented process where auditing evidence is obtained, recorded and set to further verification so as to determine its relevance to the organization (Silove, 2014). Several audit methods are used in the attainment of auditing purpose. Auditing is commonly known for its three discrete types which include; product, process an system, but for documenting the audit it reviews, it is perceived as an independent or supports the three general types of audit. Audits are named based on their purpose or scope. Therefore, auditing at times is related to the managem ent interest which focuses on the assessment of the area performance or even efficiency. The largest share of criticism and blame for current overall financial crisis has focused on dealing with a record establishments' structures, financial controllers and overall cash related illustrating. (Gay Simnett, 2012) But numerous people handed the blame against the analysts over light of the way that while the sparing cash dissatisfactions have inflicted significant damage millions people's life supports and trusts; it makes the feeling that the assessing calling, especially the "Colossal Four", has had "an extraordinary crisis" in the midst of such a horrifying time (Louwers, 2005). Hence, the extent of inspecting charges and the folds of cash related organization have raised issues about evaluators' accommodation and master ethics. Regardless, I battle that monitors can't be only reproached for the cash related crisis, as the obligation lies moreover on clerks, chiefs, board people, money related authorities and distinctive accomplices. In as for current overall budgetary c risis, I believe the best way to deal with keep this from happening again is let the controllers to accept organize obligation for assessing banks and cash related foundations (Hall, 2000), then appreciate the current "Colossal Four" reviewing market condition. No one suspects that auditors will guarantee the survival of any association, yet inspectors are required to be self-ruling of the associations that they audit and practice sensible care and capacity. The analyzing business likes to balance surveys with a prosperity check. A tolerable expert takes the patient's pulse, temperature, listens to beat, looks for symptoms of issues and makes request about eating schedule, lifestyle, and history. Nevertheless, the current corporate folds from wherever all through the world have changed people's feeling about checking on. On various events it has been shown that the basic survey model is broken since Enron. (Ricchiute, 2013) The monitor's part is not to predict the future yet rather to ensure that associations' cash related verbalizations give a real and sensible point of view of the previous 12 months execution. What's more, commentators work focuses on vital data, not the estimation of preferences which depends on upon the figure of future events. So should a monitor examine the estimate of future events of the association? By then we may require another name for assessor. Should evaluators be working more personally with sheets, proprietors of associations? By then how to keep the hostile condition? Thus, analysts can't be solely censured for the present cash related crisis, as the commitment lies furthermore on accountants, boss, board people, budgetary masters and distinctive accomplices. With this in mind, perhaps it would be important to at least try and discuss some of the liability that auditors may face as a result of their conducts in their practice. Liability for being liable-Once in a while evaluator accuses the officers of the relationship in his review report. His report ought to be such sort that it may not affront or disrespect any individual. Obviously if the report of the analyst harms the supportive mindset and notoriety of any individual then he will be seen as cautious on the grounds of the feedback. Controller is not at danger (Ricchiute, 2013). In the event that the information depends on upon affirmations review report is viewed as a novel document. It ought to contain only feelings generally controller will be seen as attempted and genuine. Analyst's report ought to contain the running with qualities; it doesn't miss express the truths, it is not prompted destructiveness, it doesn't go past what is relevant to its subject, declaration ought to be bonafide. Liability as a result of negligence-Trustworthiness and perseverance. Subsequently, if an inspector is found with any demonstration of carelessness in execution of his obligations, he might be sued in the common courts for harms coming about to monetary emergency. Carelessness risk emerges in the occurrence where an evaluator gets to be distinctly careless in the examination of bookkeeping books. The evaluator should likewise be held at risk in the event that he can't recognize any type of redirections or neglects to find any types of blunder which should be found (Kumar Basu Sanjib, 2016). Consequently, he is implied to have bombed in practicing a sensible care and expertise when playing out his obligations. Underneath, we will demonstrate the risk that reviewers confront on account of carelessness. Liability on account of misfortune inspectors won't be held at risk to remuneration if no misfortune is endured by the customer regardless of the possibility that the examiner has demonstrated careless. Yet, in the event that misfortunes are accessible for the customer there will be remuneration accomplished for the misfortune experienced by the customer. Taking a gander at a case, the Ufanis Estate Building Society versus the Stantors 1987. Here, reviewers couldn't have cared less to watch the arrangements completed articles. Benefits were swelled by means of the incorporation of invented terms. Subsequently of carelessness profits were paid out of capital. The organization made a move and sued the inspecting firm for the harms acquired (Ricchiute, 2013). On the off chance that such dishonest acts advance in some firm, it implies that may heighten the levels of monetary emergency all inclusive. Subsequently, to keep away from the acceleration of such acts examiners are held obligated therefore of their careless demonstration. Liability to the honorary auditors- Liabilities of paid and supported pundits are same. If there should be an occasion of lack of caution or misfeasance unique auditor can't mitigate himself from the risk. In the event that the remissness is displayed then overseer will be seen as cautious and he has no inspiration to express that he is not being paid or enduring less total (Robertson et al, 2002). Liability for Misfeasance acts- The term misfeasance alludes to rupture of obligation or break of trust which includes the organization which has endured misfortunes. In this way, the organization may sue the reviewers accordingly of their standard suit on account of misfeasance. Subsequently, organizations can guarantee harms coming about because of the misfortune they have endured. Misfeasing continuing have a tendency to be taken against bite the dust examiners by the chiefs (Reffett, 2000). Promoters, overseeing specialists show up when an organization is in liquidation. In many example, the misfeasance obligation happens in occurrences where an organization is twisting up. In this manner, if such acts continue advancing it could prompt to worldwide budgetary emergency that is the reason reviewers are held at risk on such acts to keep away from the money related emergency. Liability to third parties- Reporter has no simultaneousness with the outcasts. He is not utilized by the untouchable so he has no dedication to them. Nonetheless, the reality of the situation is that as the records are examined by the review, pariah may in like way watch the report, untouchable depend the report without the further request. For instance bank just review the guaranteed accounting report and attributes the cash to the affiliation (Ainapure, 2009). Charge division and others in addition depend on upon the surveyed illuminations. "Before long the question is that whether the examiner is at risk on the off chance that they depend on upon the records guaranteed by him and continued on through a fiasco should he repay the set back? Answer is that in taking after cases he will be talented to the outcast which includes; on the off chance that the presentation set apart by the evaluator was not ensured debase, it was known to the examiner that presentation was not ensured ruin, outsider drove forward through a hardship by depending upon the statement of evaluator, on the off chance that the presentation was made with the target that the other party ought to make up for lost time with it and on the off chance that expert gave his assent for the possibility of such illuminations in the outline (Robertson et al, 2002). In light of the above dialog, in the event that we could relate the examiner's obligation with Lehman's Brother holding breakdown. We could respects that a portion of the reviewers risk which Ernst and Young firm was discovered blameworthy of incorporate; the obligation of privileged inspectors where the examining firm gave gigantic bookkeeping misrepresentation which was considered as a lack of regard act by the firm. Moreover, the inspecting firm was likewise at risk for carelessness, inner impact which alludes to obligation and risk to outsider (Louwers, 2005). Since, Ernst and Young firm were held blameworthy of these unscrupulous behaviors of misrepresentation. They were held subject of the misfortunes which open financial specialists endured totaling to $10 million which went about as security for Lehman. Taking a gander at the above exchange, it's obvious that as an evaluator you ought to act in a moral way in order to maintain a strategic distance from cases of being held obligated. Beneath, we will give a portion of the ways which an auditor or examining firm can work in administration of its introduction to obligation. There are a couple ways which firms could use in organization of first experience with instances of remissness acts. The most clear being not acting thoughtlessly. In down to business terms, this suggests applying the worldwide gages of inspecting and furthermore the code of ethics as indicated by capable accounting laws, and giving cautious thought to the terms and courses of action which are settled upon in the engagement letter (Arens et al, 2017). Likewise, improving in quality controls appeared differently in relation to the present levels can't happen without the venture of audit firms. Thusly, with the weight to diminish the assessing costs, it tends to be doubtful that associations need to present also augments in cost unless there is whole deal diminishments in legal and insurance costs. In this way, it's up to the survey firm to keep up most outrageous respectability to the extent audit quality. Disclaimer of commitment One of the outcomes ascending out of the Lehman's case was that of potential acquaintance of examiners with suit from the untouchables to whom they never revoked chance. Along these lines, it got the opportunity to be particularly consistent to join a disclaimer of hazard to untouchables in wording of the audit report. Consequently, disclaimers may not totally go out on a limb to outcasts yet rather they tend to reduce degree of courts supposition to commitment on the analyst (Louwers, 2005). In spite of the way that the disclaimer component is much of the time done in the UK, such a component thought may seem to have some importance to the inspectors as to the issue of being held subject. Commitment to obstruction when making assentions Since 2008 examiners have been allowed under the term of Companies Act to use the Liability imprisonment understandings to diminish the threats of suit which begins from clients. LLAs tend to be explanations which depend on terms of engagement to compel best on the total compensation that can be searched for from the analyst (Silove, 2014). Thus, shareholders ought to reliably support this consistently and should be kept up by the judges as sensible and sensible when a case rises. Furthermore, the demonstration of creating terms and conditions by a review firm may end up being an incredible test. Consequently, this might be seen as a boundary to prosecution by the evaluator in light of the fact that the shareholders may neglect to concur with the set conditions (Hall et al, 2005). In this manner, it is prescribed for one to consider giving quality reviews. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has a tendency to give a top to bottom investigation of auditors risk. A portion of the liabilities that auditors confront incorporate; carelessness, misfeasance, criminal risk, privileged examining and obligation to outsider. The paper additionally takes a gander at a portion of the effective courses that as evaluators or inspecting firms could use to diminish the levels of risk when a case rises (Doralt et al, 2008). Along these lines, it would be prudent for inspector to consider the proposals gave as it might have a critical part in their everyday parts. Also, auditors can't be exclusively reprimanded for the current money related emergency since initially, the examiner's part is not to foresee the future but rather to guarantee that organizations' budgetary explanations give a genuine and reasonable perspective of the past 12 months execution. Second, examiner's freedom and reviewer's expense reliance are not totally unrelated. All the more vitally, the re is considerable observational confirmation demonstrating that the reviewing expense got by the auditor does not really hinder the examiner's freedom (Bologna Shaw, 2010). The current monetary emergency has demonstrated that the current reviewing model for banks and budgetary organizations is broken; this was even clear review disappointments since Enron, HIH and various different outrages. In this manner it is the ideal opportunity for the controllers to assume coordinate liability for inspecting banks and money related foundations, since it is difficult to trust that the private firms could complete an open premium capacity. In the interim, the current "Enormous Four" examining firms' "too huge to fall" circumstance must be settled as it is representing a colossal deterrent to the administrations' change (Ross, 2009). Obviously, the legislature may not effortlessly change the review showcase just by separating them. In any case, it could at any rate expel them from the review o f banks and budgetary organizations and delegate the errand to a committed controller. References Hall, J. A. (2000).Information systems auditing and assurance. Cincinnati, Ohio, South Western College. Robertson, J. C., Louwers, T. J., Robertson, J. C. (2002).Auditing and assurance services. Boston, McGraw-Hill. Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. S., Arens, A. A. (2017).Auditing and assurance services. Ainapure, V., Ainapure, M. (2009).Auditing and assurance. Kumar Basu Sanjib. (2016).Auditing and Assurance. Pearson India. Ricchiute, D. N. (2013).Auditing and assurance services. Mason, Ohio, South-Western/Thomson Learning. Gay, G. E., Simnett, R. (2012).Auditing and assurance services in Australia. North Ryde, N.S.W., McGraw-Hill Education. Hall, J. A., Singleton, T., Hall, J. A. (2005).Information technology auditing and assurance. Mason, Ohio, Thomson/South-Western. Louwers, T. J. (2005).Auditing and assurance services. New York, McGraw-Hill. Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. S. (2006).Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J., Pearson Prentice Hall. Reffett, A. (2000).Can identifying and investigating fraud risks increase auditors' liability?Champaign, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Doralt, W., Hellgardt, A., Hopt, K. J. (2008). Auditors' liability and its impact on the European financial markets.Cambridge Law Journal.67, 62-68. Ross, A. (2009).Negligence: should auditors have limited liability?[Wagga Wagga, N.S.W.], Charles Sturt University. Bologna, J., Shaw, P. (2010).Avoiding cyberfraud in small businesses: what auditors and owners need to know. New York, Wiley. Silove, J. (2014). Auditors' liability.ACCOUNTANCY (SA)|SA Rekeningkunde.April, 4-6.

Moneyball The Art of Winning an Unfair Game Essay Example

Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game Paper For this assignment we had to pick and choose a book related about business or economics. I chose to read the book â€Å"Moneyball† by Michael Lewis.The book discusses some of the business side of the Oakland Athletics (The A’s) during their historic 2002 season in which they won 20 consecutive games. I personally felt that as a fan of the Oakland Athletics, it was blasphemy that I have not read the book of the legendary season. Some of the business aspects Lewis touches upon in the text is what statistics they use to sign players and techniques that Billy Beane, The A’s General Manager, uses when inquiring trades with other teams. Michael Lewis, born october 15, 1960 in New Orleans, Louisiana, is a financial journalist and a non-fiction writer. His most notable works are â€Å"Liars Poker†, â€Å"Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game†, and â€Å"The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game†. Lewis attended Princeton University where he graduated with a Bachelors Degree in Art History.He then later enrolled in London School of Economics, where he earned a Masters Degree in Economics. After graduating from the London School of Economics, Lewis was hired by Salomon Brothers, a wall street financial bank, and he had moved from London to New York to participate in their training programs.After training, he went back to London to work in their UK offices. Later he resigned from his position, he became a financial journalist and wrote the book â€Å"Liar’s Poker†. We will write a custom essay sample on Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The book Moneyball starts off with a short preface about why Michael Lewis wrote the book. Lewis states. â€Å"I wrote this book because I fell in love with a story. The story concerned a small group of undervalued professional baseball players and executives, many of whom had been rejected as unfit for the big leagues, who had turned themselves into one of the most successful franchises in Major League Baseball† (Lewis 1).This intrigued Lewis because The A’s were consid